Then, the fractured specimens were collected for evaluation and assessment. After cementation, specimens were loaded with a round-end vertical loading tip at a rate of 0.5 mm per minute until fracture (INSTRON, Norwood, MA, USA). Endocrowns (n = 20) of two different designs (conventional and proximal extensions) were fabricated using lithium disilicate (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein). The test group had a box extension on the proximal wall 2 mm apical to the buccal and lingual wall level. The control group has all the walls at the same level. Then, teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10). To achieve a symmetrical pulp chamber with an average depth of 3 mm, chambers were filled with flowable resin composite. Then, pulp chambers and canals were accessed, cleaned, and smoothed for the path of insertion. Twenty mandibular third molars free of caries with approximately similar root lengths and crown dimensions were sectioned parallel to the occlusal plane 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the fracture resistance and mode of failure of endocrowns with proximal extension design compared to the conventional design, and to assess the agreement of evaluators on the failure mode.
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